Tarrahan Parseh Transportation Research Institute International Journal of Transportation Engineering 2322-259X 14 1 2026 07 01 In Light of the Automated Fare Collection Data, How Did the Travel Patterns of Transit Riders in Tehran Change following COVID-19? 2387 2418 181837 10.22119/ijte.2023.413809.1649 EN Mostafa Shafaati PHD candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Saffarzadeh Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-9713-2776 Journal Article 2023 09 05 <span>The spread of COVID-19 caused some problems in public transportation. The pandemic created new challenges for developing countries like Iran, where public transportation is already plagued by many problems. As a result of COVID-19 concerns, it was speculated that unpredictable travel patterns would result. Based on Automatic Fare Collection data, in which passengers use a smartcard to enter a stop, this study evaluates this speculation. The dataset includes one month of transactions for each of the three COVID-19-related years (2019, 2020, and 2021) in Tehran, the country's capital. By using time series clustering, it was found that a new pattern of travel has emerged. Before vaccination, most origins were in the eastern part of the city; whereas, in the new era, most of the origins are in the western part of the city. The peak hours have also undergone a significant change. Prior to the pandemic, the peak hour occurred between 7 and 8 o'clock in the morning, and demand reduced until the evening peak hour, but as a result of the new pattern, demand did not decrease significantly after 8:00:00, which resulted in new peak hours. It is anticipated that these changes will have a domino effect on Tehran's transit system as a whole. The system may not be able to handle the changes in behavior, as it was designed to deal with pre-pandemic behavior patterns. There is a need for rescheduling to resolve the problem. Additionally, the government should develop a long-term plan for restoring public transportation demand to its pre-pandemic level.</span> http://www.ijte.ir/article_181837_73320454bf49795462956b6c45ea6885.pdf